Outline for Gmo

Hereditarily â€modified food of influence Specific Purpose: To convince our crowd that hereditarily adjusted nourishments are undependable for utilization. Focal Idea: Genetically adjusted nourishments may bring another allergen that we may not be set up to treat. We put progressively manufactured poisons into our bodies. I. Presentation A. (Enticement) Soon, children may really have a valid justification not to eat vegetables. Hereditarily altered nourishments, vegetables and organic products, â€Å"Frankedfoods†, are advancing from science labs to the supper table.B. (Theory Statement) The prepared food that has the whole compound included it so as to cause the food to last longer to has the impact of hurting the individuals because of the way that everybody has their own response to specific synthetic concoctions. C. (Avocation) Currently hereditarily adjusted (GM) crops are developed in excess of 25 nations. Enormous transitional organizations are doing perilous worldwi de investigation by presenting huge quantities of hereditarily altered nourishments into our eating routine. D. Speaker Credibility) I work at the inexpensive food industry for around six years and I realize cheap food is awful yet I didn’t realize how terrible it truly is. In the wake of investigating and perusing articles about built food I have adapt a lot more what the food contains and it is stunning. E. (See of Main focuses) 1. First I will talk about the medical issues of GM nourishments. 2. Next, how it is essential to mark the food, and how the administration ought to be included. 3. In conclusion, how we can stop hereditarily changed nourishments.

Economic Networkingâ€Exploring Alternatives for Promoting Sustainable De

Financial Networkingâ€Exploring Alternatives for Promoting Sustainable Development in Africa Presentation The historical backdrop of European guide mediation in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states has customarily acted to strengthen the progressive qualification between the â€Å"developed† and the â€Å"developing† world. The arrangement of Lome Conventions which allowed particular exchange understandings between these gatherings of nations have demonstrated insufficient in empowering financial manageability in the ACP states, and in spite of the fact that the ACP incorporates the vast majority of the Least Developed Countries (LLDCs) on the planet, the understandings have been scrutinized as being out of line in the worldwide setting. Compelled to arrange another ACP-EU understanding that would be steady with World Trade Organization (WTO) guidelines, and enhance the constraints of the past Lome Conventions, the Cotonou Convention was marked in 2000, after burdensome exchanges. In spite of this understanding, the eventual fate of ACP-EU relations is to some de gree ambiguous. Especially concerning Africa, this vulnerability leaves space for assessment of the viability of the past understandings and a target investigation of the thought processes behind past financial ties. Besides, by breaking down the tricky history of European guide to Africa, there rises a reason for moving endlessly from the neo-colonialist connections that described the majority of the past understandings, and investigating the advantages of making elective organizations. At last, the chance of framing organizations among individual ACP nations and between other creating nations is a disregarded thought that ought to be additionally investigated. A Historical Perspective African financial advancement is a subject of wide intrigue. Among the ... ...2 October 2003 <http://exchange info.cec.eu.int/doclib/html/113858.htm> Kwarteng, Charles O. Africa and the European Challenge. Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Company. 1997. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development. October 2001. <http://www.touchtech.biz/nepad/records/reports/nepad_english_version.pdf> Abroad Development Institute. Reshaping European associations: what future for the ACP? Meeting September 2003. http://www.odi.org.uk/addresses/edc_2010/meeting_report_17september.html The World Bank Group. World Development Indicators Database: Country Profile Table. 11 March 2004 <http://www.worldbank.org/data>. The World Bank Group. 2003 World Development Indicators. 11 March 2004. <http://www.worldbank.org/information/wdi2003/index.htm>. Monetary Community of West African States. About ECOWAS. 11 March 2004. <http://www.sec.ecowas.int/>.

Infertility essays

Barrenness papers Barrenness is the point at which you can't consider following 1 year of unprotected intercourse, or you can't remain pregnant. Somewhere in the range of 15 and 25 percent of all couples in the United States are fruitless. Just a specialist can make a determination, yet on the off chance that you've had unprotected sex for over a year are as yet not pregnant, theres a decent possibility either of you may have barrenness issue. Numerous fruitless couples proceed to have youngsters, however they may require additional time or clinical assistance to imagine. It is no ones shortcoming for fruitlessness. There are numerous conditions that may make a ladies become fruitless; endometriosis, ovulation issues, pelvic fiery sickness, fibroids, tube blockages, explicitly transmitted illness (chlamydia or gonorrhea), agonizing or sporadic periods, pelvic or stomach medical procedure, diabetes, malignant growth, thyroid malady, asthma or discouragement. There are likewise condition that may make a man become barren; explicitly transmitted ailment (chlamydia or gonorrhea), contamination with the mumps infection after pubescence, hernia fix, diabetes, malignancy, asthma, thyroid illness or sadness, undescended gonads and testicular tumors, sores or disease. Most fruitlessness cases (85 to 90 percent) are treated with ordinary treatments, for example, tranquilize treatment or careful fix of conceptive organs. There are numerous useful things an individual may do to attempt to get pregnant. Barrenness is typically treated with clomiphene citrate (a medication that actuates ovulation), human chorionic gonadotropin (a hormone that invigorates the ovaries and triggers ovulation), or potentially intrauterine insemination (isolating the sperm from the fundamental liquid and setting it in a modest quantity of liquid at that point putting straightforwardly inside the uterus). Under 5% of all barrenness cases are treated with in vitro preparation (IVF). IVF is a strategy to help with generation where a man's sperm and the lady's egg are consolidated in a research facility dish, where fe... <!

Violence and Gender in Duffys Queen Herod - Literature Essay Samples

Queen Herod is taken from Duffy’s The World’s Wife, a collection which inverts gender roles to celebrate female characters and display the injustice of men’s generalizations. This poem inverts the gender roles in the biblical story of the arrival of the Magi for Jesus’s birth and the Massacre of the Innocents ordered by King Herod. Through this transposition, Duffy presents the men’s atrocities originally, but then indicates that women can also act forcefully and compellingly to fight for strong beliefs. Duffy displays women as cunning and deceptive as they hold a quiet agenda against men, and uses the generalization against men to demonstrate the injustice of the original stories. In the poem, the â€Å"Three Queens† arrive to see Queen Herod’s daughter and give her qualities rather than material gifts—â€Å"Grace†¦Strength†¦Happiness.† These capitalized abstract nouns are juxtaposed with the seemingly useless and disregarded material (â€Å"Silver and gold, the loose change†) given to Jesus, referring to the gold, frankincense, and myrrh given in the Bible story. Duffy thus suggests that while men only desire limited material gifts, women desire useful, perennial qualities. Moreover, in Queen Herod the asyndeton of â€Å"with gifts†¦in exchange for sunken baths, curtained beds, fruit, the best of meat and wine, dancers, music, talk,† leaving â€Å"till bitter dawn† mimetically at the end, connotes the extent of pleasur e just for the Queen as the men were â€Å"fast asleep† and the great length of time she enjoyed her activities without being disturbed by the men. While â€Å"bitter dawn† could suggest how early into the morning she stays awake, it more likely suggests that she enjoys the time spent without men; when Herod and his men wake up, suddenly the day becomes â€Å"bitter† and the Queen must become violent and terse to deal with them. This change further emphasized by the arching of the stanza, mimetic of the night, as the night peaks with the longer â€Å"in exchange for sunken baths, curtained beds,† without Herod, and returns to the tiresome day with the more blunt â€Å"those vivid three -/til bitter dawn† when Herod awakens. The cunning evil of women is contrasted with the senseless brutality of men to highlight an image of faà §ades. The italicized list of antithetical nouns as direct speech from the Three Queens —â€Å"The Husband. Hero. Hunk. The Boy Next Door. The Paramour†Ã¢â‚¬â€ suggests that Queen Herod does not know the baby’s future and accepts that he could be beneficial; however, to be entirely sure her daughter will not be harmed, she orders the death of â€Å"each mother’s son.† This command denotes the barbarism women can inflict for protection to reinforce that violence is not owned by men. Moreover, the juxtaposition of the harsh diction and sibilance of the men’s actions in â€Å"hawked, spat, snatched the smoky jug† with the majesty of the women in â€Å"I watched each†¦Queen rise like a god,† emphasizes the contrast of the disgusting men, compared to divinity through the simile, as the women become the dominant force over t he pathetic actions of the men. This theme is reinforced in Medusa by the repetition of first person pronouns —â€Å"my†¦I†Ã¢â‚¬â€ with the recurrent use of synonymous verbs such as â€Å"hissed and spat† to imply that the women can be possessive and commanding. Furthermore, Duffy ensures that the female characters are more intelligent than the men. The tautology of â€Å"They knew what they knew† emphasizes instinctual knowledge, as if this repetition is specific to the Queens, and hence implies that they hold a more reliable, absolutist intelligence. Also, the strong diction of â€Å"A peacock screamed,† in which a symbol of majesty is in pain, followed by the metaphor â€Å"The chattering stars shivered in a nervous sky,† suggests that the Three Queens can read the signs of nature, as omens for the massacre to come. This interpretation is supported by the simile â€Å"a new star pierced through the night like a nail,† referring to the prophecy of Jesus’ death by being nailed to a cross. These elements of the text reinforce the celebration of the female characters as possessing a knowledge beyond that of the male characters, as Queen Herod then uses her information to commit widespread terror by infantici de. Duffy also presents the women in the poem as celebrating a strong female community, one posed against subservient men. The repetition of the imperatives â€Å"Do it. Spare not one† emphasizes the terse and total power of the Queen as she commands the entirely obedient men. This contrasts with the situation in Salome, however: while in the latter poem it is made clear that the woman actively killed the man —â€Å"I’d done it before†Ã¢â‚¬â€ to challenge the notion that such physical and violent actions are ‘masculine,’ in Queen Herod, Duffy highlights her feminist agenda by making the female character stand above the misogynist stereotypes and simply order the men to do what she demands. This supremacy is further illustrated in the repetition of first person pronouns —â€Å"my little child†¦my baby†Ã¢â‚¬â€ as it could suggest Queen Herod appears to own the child herself and doesnt value the relationship with Herod and the da ughter. Alternatively, it could imply that Herod actively does not care about his daughter and hence facilitates emotional disgust with the male character. This female-oriented theme is equally implied when it is the woman who orders the death of the sons. It seems that Queen Herod actively cares for the future of her daughter as â€Å"Herod’s fusty bulk† exists in passive contrast, emphasized by the horrific diction of â€Å"We wade through blood for our sleeping girls,† reinforcing the extent of what they are willing to go through to protect their family; the anaphora in â€Å"we Queens, we mothers† emphasizes a community of women in which men do not govern happiness. However, Duffy does present Queen Herod as feeling guilty for her violent orders. The poem is a dramatic monologue written in free verse, which could imply that it is a flurry of the Queen’s conscience as she realizes that she had no reason for the infanticide and begins to confess. Here, â€Å"the chattering stars/shivered in a nervous sky† could be a metaphor to highlight the guilt and timidity of the Queen as she now cowers in the night. The pinched, staccato lines â€Å"Ice in the trees,† â€Å"my little child† and â€Å"The black Queen† nonetheless highlight a dark identity for the Queen as she commits these atrocious acts, and one feels pathos for the patriarch Herod as he appears to be able to do nothing to stop her. Duffy could suggest that in fact violence shouldn’t be owned by anyone, and the stereotype that women are gentle is not negative at all. Duffy challenges the misogynist stereotypes taught in children’s stories and, by inverting the gender roles, suggests that when we reevaluate the events, we realize that we must still strive for an equal society. This inversion allows not simply for women to acknowledge that change must occur. When men who become defensive at the men’s subservience question Duffy’s poetry, they realize that the original texts unjustly make women subservient. As innocent and accepted the stories are on the surface, â€Å"beyond our lullabies, the hooves of terrible horses thunder and drum.†

Good Things Don t Last Forever - 915 Words

Good Things Don’t Last Forever Within the duration of life, there can be times where things seem almost perfect. In Sula, written by Toni Morrison, some good relationships appear to be perfect. Even in relationships that have perfect moments, there will at times be problems. Sometimes, even good relationships fail. Good relationships do not last because people cheat, people leave, and people die. Relationships end because people cheat. In Sula, Jude and Nel was a married couple who had a family. They were happy. Even Nel describes her love for Jude as â€Å"a bright and easy affection,† and â€Å"a playfulness that was reflected in their lovemaking.† (Morrison, 95) Then, Nel caught her best friend (Sula) and her husband (Jude) kissing and naked in their marital bedroom. â€Å"They had been on all fours naked, not touching except their lips†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Morrison, 105) Apparently Sula and Jude did not have sex; they only kissed. Jude left the marriage after Nel caught him with Sula. The relationship ended because Jude made the choice to not face his wife after being caught being unfaithful. Infidelity is â€Å"an act of sexual unfaithfulness.† (Gough, 9) Marriages require loyalty, trust, and love. Infidelity is a common factor in the destruction of relationships. Many see infidelity as â€Å"the single most damaging thing that can happen to a relationship.† (About. Web. 27 Nov. 2014.) Cheating will tear a relationship apart, whether it is a marriage or a simple boyfriend and girlfriendShow MoreRelatedCourt Of Law - Original Writing891 Words   |  4 Pageslives with you. Ain t no purpose in me signing these. I said trying to convince her. I still want to be able to see my baby girl when I get out. Eric, I don t have time for this. Either you sign her over now, or I take you to court and win. You re clearly an incapable father. Cedes don t do this. Why all of a sudden you want full custody when you basically got it? She cleared her throat and began fixing her clothing. You got another nigga round my daughter don t you? Mercedes you knowRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Crucible By Dawson Cole And Amanda Collier1425 Words   |  6 Pageswhere their lives changed forever. Amanda got into her dream college and her parents would disown her because she is dating Dawson. This wouldn t be so bad, but Dawson is a Cole, the â€Å"bad† family in town, they always causes trouble, but Dawson never did. Amanda is a Collier, which is one of the more upper class families in town, and like all small towns new travels fast and this new could ruin the reputation of the two families, mostly Amanda’s, no one wants to ruin the last name. Dawson wants theRead MoreThe Right Kind Of Write851 Words   |  4 Pagesprefer to write is in the afternoon at home or in the library. I don t want to be in a place that is too loud because then I get distracted and become lazy; consequently, I listen to music when I do homework. I procrastinate a lot and in the last minute and try to get my homework done, but now it s different because I get things done ahead of time so I don t have to worry about it another day. I always forget to write down the things I need to do and because of that I forget about my assignment.Read MoreRomantic Relationships Are Key To Our Long-Term Health759 Words   |  4 Pages areas such as warmth and attractiveness, a human can view their partner a little bit more positively than they views themselves or than most other people view them. There are many ways to make a relationship last. Love, trust, and communication are three most important attributes. Love lasts as long as two people make it happen. First, no matter what type of relationship one has, love is definitely an essential. Many teenagers today have already experienced the hardship of being in a relationshipRead MoreMy Big Brother Was Shot And Murdered By An Unknown Suspect893 Words   |  4 Pagesbrother all went to the hospital to identify my brothers body. The only reason that I didn t go with them was because my nephew was upstairs asleep. Once they left I started to make a couple phone calls to see if it was really true. After calling two people I finally found out that it was him that got shot. One of my closest friends was actually with him at the time and he also watched him as he took his last breathe. Before my brother death occurred he was incarcerated for about a year. Once he wasRead MoreSummary Of The Book The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1171 Words   |  5 Pagesniece that he was an expert at being a high school student. â€Å"Great job at surviving high school, † the giant man said to Rennessme.† She continued to separate the things she wanted to keep while tossing the unnecessary stuff. â€Å"Thanks. But I had help. † Rennessme answered. â€Å"If you mean your dad, then you wasted four years. He doesn t know how to have fun.† Rennessme smiled. She kept going through her looking, now desperate to find the secret notebook she had treasured for four years. â€Å"Aha! † sheRead MoreWalk A Thon : Family Violence843 Words   |  4 Pagesmentally and physically in a negative manner that causes them to lack interaction in the community. Unfortunately for some individuals, home isn t safe for them. In society s eyes, home is the place where you usually feel the safest and come to love, but for others, it brings them pain because violence is happening in the household. People shouldn t be afraid to go home to their families. If we ignore the signs of violence in the family, it will eventually keep growing, and the abuser will continueRead MoreWhy Shopping Is The Best Deal For Us?1003 Words   |  5 Pages You re standing in front of the mirror in a dressing room. You turn sideways and backwards. Nope, doesn t look good on me, you say to your self. You try on the next outfit and the same story happens. It h as happened for the last forty-seven clothes you have tried on, and you just can t find the perfect outfit. But, don t fret. There are a hundred more stores you can go to, and a million more clothes you can try on. This is what we call shopping. Shopping is enjoyed abundantly by most men andRead MoreSymbolism in the Secret Lion724 Words   |  3 Pagesrepresents things that are big and the secret of it is that it is unexplained, or even ignored. It suggests change, and it is a change that is big and confusing. The secret lion is a symbol of coming of age and understanding that with change there is loss, and to hold onto something, it must be secret. The narrator explains that when he was twelve, something happened that we didnt have a name for, but it was there nonetheless like a lion, and roaring, roaring that way the biggest things do.(43)Read MoreThe End Of - Original Writing742 Words   |  3 Pagesstage-gay thing. He got off of me and we continued to the next song. In the whole event he had thrown my guitar behind me. (This actually happened.) I remember that like it was yesterday. I also remember what It was like, crying while Gerard was getting married. I remember the breakup as well. That band meant the world to me and it was gone. Gone forever. I remember him saying that the whole frerard thing was over. Guys, I can t keep going on with this whole My chemical romance thing...

Essay about Censorship - 943 Words

Censorship The freedom to read is essential to the democratic way of life. But today, that freedom is under attack. Private groups and public authorities everywhere are working to remove both books and periodicals from sale, to exclude certain books from public schools, to censor and silence magazines and newspapers, and to limit quot;controversialquot; books and periodicals to the general public. The suppression of reading materials is suppression of creative thought. Books and periodicals are not the only ones being suppressed by pressures to the political and social systems. They are also being brought against the educational system, films, radio, television, and against the graphic and theatre arts. However or whenever these†¦show more content†¦There has been an increasing trend towards childrens literature that reflects a more realistic approach to the life both fiction and non-fiction, with subjects that include sex, homosexuality, divorce, child abuse, drugs, violence, etc. And they are these realistic books that have people outraged. In school libraries, the most frequent complaints come from parents about the schools selections. And in public libraries, parents were once again the single greatest source of challenges to materials. The world is filled with quot;obscenequot; things. And it would seem that those parents are just trying to protect their children from the outside world. But does it really help? These day, an average elementary school student knows many things. They are influenced by a wide range of sources, from television and other forms of media, their environment at home and school, their personality and their background. Why they read does not necessarily mean that they will follow. Literature is a valued source of knowledge for these children, and should not be held back. So rather than applying full censorship, it should be made an age- related censorship. Many of the complaints that were issued were of the immaturity of the readers. And younger children should be prevented from borrowing material intended for an older age group. Controversial materials should still be held either in reserve stock, available on request, or under a section for parents andShow MoreRelatedCensorship : Censorship And Censorship Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesIn the modern sense, political correctness has become a form of censorship. With protestors forcing students to find alternate routes to school or pushing the administration to cancel guest speakers in fear of triggering students, the modern-day university is no longer a place of free, critical, thinking, but a place of censorship. Political correctness (is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended pr imarily not to offend or disadvantage any group of people in society. InRead MoreCensorship And Censorship Of Music1544 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s music, otherwise known as, censorships. A crisis has emerged concerning the issue of censorship. This argument consists of two possible stances: one, supporting the continuation of censorship, and two, eliminating the status quo of censorships in the music industry. There have been countless debates and arguments regarding the issues of censorship ever since the U.S. Congress passed the Radio Act in 1927 (The History). The time has arrived for censorship to be brought to an end. The governmentRead MoreCensorship And Censorship Of The Internet985 Words   |  4 Pagestruth.. This influenced freedom of the press rights and embracing those rights to the constitution (Linder). Recently the issue of Censorship of the Internet in America has become a trending topic. The internet has been commonly censored to comply with the Digital M illennium Rights Act, but in recent times our government has been requesting more aggressive censorship in order to provide a safer cyberspace. If the American government began to censor the internet, the restriction will result in suppressionRead MoreThe Censorship Of Internet Censorship3057 Words   |  13 Pages Internet Censorship Student’s Name: Institution Name: Internet Censorship Internet censorship refers to the suppression and control of what people can access, publish, or view on the cyberspace (Reynolds, 2014). It may be done by regimes or private firms at the command of the government. It can be a government’s initiative is or carried out by regulators. Organizations and individuals may practice self-censorship for religious, business or moral reasons to comply with societal normsRead MoreCensorship And Censorship Of The Internet1754 Words   |  8 PagesCensorship of the Internet is on the rise in highly populated states today. Although the Internet is considered as one of the most significant tools for the public sphere, many users have decried the Internet’s benefits and seen the Internet as a ‘double-edged sword’. Even as the Internet connects most of the world and gives valuable access to information, the same tool allows access to material that may be considered dangerous or harmful. The recent increase in discussion on the act of censorshipRead MoreThe Importance Of Censorship1640 Words   |  7 PagesHow is Censorship Beneficial? How is censorship used? Is it good or was it bad? Censorship is a good thing because people do not want kids looking at bad pictures. Censorship stops them from seeing that because it makes it to where there are books being banned and movies being rated. Also, censorship allows the government to control and limit exposure to several different types of things. Censorship is well known and was even used in the past. Censorship should be allowed in schools to prevent kidsRead MoreCensorship Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesCensorship â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right to petition the government for a redress of government.†(Ravitch, 118) As stated in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, the people of this nation have the right to exercise their beliefs out loud, or in writing. With this in mind, does the government have the right to undermine the foundation of our nation, and censor what we readRead More The Censorship Debate795 Words   |  4 Pages The Censorship Debate nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Do words such as nigger, bitch, or ass offend you?nbsp; The answer may seem clear cut, but our nation has been struggling with the issue of censorship almost since its conception.nbsp; To many, the aforementioned words are a part of their everyday vocabulary; to others, they are vulgar and unacceptable.nbsp; The issue of censorship is much more than just words.nbsp; There have been huge controversies over the negative ideas andRead More Censorship Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesCensorship The Columbia Encyclopedia defines censorship as the official prohibition or restriction of any type of expression believed to threaten the political, social, or moral order. It is necessarily broad definition. Any type of expression in fact, covers just about everything from clothing to print to movements and even to simply being. George Bernard Shaw described assassination as an extreme form of censorship. It is now omnipresent in society and has been as long as society has existedRead MoreCensorship in the Media1115 Words   |  5 PagesIs Censorship necessary? â€Å"Once a government is committed to the principle of silencing the voice of opposition, it has only one way to go, and that is down the path of increasingly repressive measures, until it becomes a source of terror to all its citizens and creates a country where everyone lives in fear. -- Harry S Truman Thesis: Although some people believe that censorship is adequate to select what things does the society will be good and can live around it while others believe that there

Comparison Grammar In Austrian And Spanish â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Comparison Grammar In Austrian And Spanish? Answer: Introduction. We are living in a world full of languages which assist in communicating in order to get information from other different countries and interact with them. This leads to people learning other foreign languages (Al-Humaidi). But a question arises on how to learn a different language and how to communicate with it. A research on teaching a second language and the methods used is associated with linguistics development, sociology and psychology. The methods of teaching refer to the applications of theoretical findings and position. Today, new methods of teaching are emerging at a very high rate. The methodology of language teaching has led to conflicts in the field of language teaching. The rivalry has been brought about by, on one side, the protectors of communicative teaching and on the other hand, the supporters of the Audiolingual method. The question is: which method of teaching are we supposed to use? Through urgent analysis of the teaching methods, we can deduct that every approach has both advantages and disadvantages. It is by knowing this we can have great inspiration to language teaching. Audiolingual Methodology. According to (Gabriel Tejada Molina), the audiolingual methodology is based from structural linguistics and behavioral psychology. Structural linguistics language refers to elements related structurally for encoding implying that the elements are morphemes, phonemes and syntactic (clauses, types of sentences and phrases). Levels of linguistically structure in a language are defined by structural linguists in a scientific and systematic manner (Kamhuber). Initially, people assumed that studying a language was as easy as clamming the elements and rules that govern combination of the above elements. One importance of structural linguistics is that the basic medium of communicating a language is oral. Communicative Language Teaching. The communicative language teaching (CLT) started in Britain during the 1960s to replace the initial structural methods known as Situational Language Teaching (Richards). This was partly according to Chomskys critics to the structural theory of language and partly due to theories of American sociolinguists and British Functional Linguists. During that time, communication was highly required in the continents like Europe. The approach of communicative language teaching begins from theory of language as communication. The main objective of teaching is to develop what Hymes of 1972 referred as Communicative Competence. In order for any speaker to be communicatively good in speeches, he/she needs to understand Hymes theory of Communication (Barbara Johnstone). In Barbaras book of Teaching Language as Communicative, he explained the relationship between linguistic methods and their communicative importance in texts. Definition of Audio Lingual Method and Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) The Audio Lingual Method also known as the Army Method is a method of teaching used in teaching a foreign language. This method is based on behavioral theory which claims that some characters of living things especially human beings can trained using a reinforcement system and that correct usage of trait can receive good feedback while bad usage of trait can receive bad feedback. Audio Lingual method is a procedure of teaching foreign language which stresses on listening and speaking before writing and reading. CLT uses conversations as the major form of presenting a language and drilling as the main technique of training. Communicative language Communicative Language Teaching refers to a method of teaching both second and foreign language and stresses interaction as the main way of learning a language. CLT is also known as the communicative method of teaching foreign languages. The Main Features of the Audiolingual Method and Communicative Language Teaching. The Audiolingual Method Audiolingual method has shown to form its own different characteristics according to behaviorist psychology and structural linguistic (Barbara Johnstone). The characteristics include: Separating language skills to listening, writing and reading while emphasizing on teaching listening and speaking before reading or writing. Using dialogue as the major form of language presentation. Emphasizing on practicing techniques like memorizing, pattern drilling and mimicry. Not to encourage use of vernacular or mother tongue in class. Encouraging usage of language laboratory. Audiolingual method believes that listening and speaking are the primary forms of verbal communication and therefore conclude that both reading and writing should come second after listening and speaking. Audiolingual method uses dialogue to show that language dialogue can provide language forms with a natural context (Kamhuber). The structure of the audiolingual implies that the language is a complicated system of habits and drills can of help in forming those habits. Learning foreign language result from practicing and practice can lead to language automation. Learning a language is not a challenge, practice is what becomes a challenge. Advantages In comparison with other method such as Grammar Translation Method, where writing and reading are reinforced to the extent of neglecting listening and speaking skills, Audiolingual method develops the learners oral skills (Su). Also, through Audiolingual method learners are able to competently participate in situational contexts. Disadvantages As much as the drills that are distinguishing features for Audiolingual are considered as its strength, they are also one of its major weaknesses. The Audiolingual methods drills does not allow the learners to be creative (Su). At such, they cause the students to feel bored or lose interest in the classroom. When students are not motivated, their progress on learning language is affected negatively. The Communicative Language Teaching(CLT). Characteristics The CLT method of learning was the same as an earlier method of learning known as the direct method. Just like Direct Method, CLT method insisted on students being taught the language one on one and not to use the native language of the students to explain words or grammar (Kamhuber). However, audiolingual method were not focusing on teaching vocabulary. Instead, the teacher advised the students to use grammar through drills. Teaching techniques like drilling, memorizing and pattern practicing may lead to language-like behavior, however, the techniques are not produced suitably (Richards). Instructors complain due to lack of effective techniques in the process while students complain due to boredom resulted by pattern drills which are not ending. One of the open advantages in Communicative Language Teaching is that of increasing fluency in the languages target (Richards). CLT allows students to take part in activities, sometimes related by simulating scenarios which students can relate with in day to day life. It becomes hard for the teacher to check the use of language of each student alone especially if the class has many students (Al-Humaidi). Students can give wrong answers but they are supposed to be corrected when not in the middle of conversation in order for the student not to repeat the same mistake. It is therefore not helpful if a single teacher is handling a large class alone. Conclusion. Using audio-lingual method, teachers would give correct models of sentences and students to repeat them. The instructors would then move on with the procedure by giving new words to be used in sentences by students. The objective of this would be to train the students on how to practice on different tutorials until they are able to use the correctly. Both Audio-lingual and Communicative Language Teaching are different theories of teaching and each has its own characteristics. The audio-lingual grammar and pronunciation help learners to acquire the oral skills and listening skills very fast. CLT emphasizes on learning a language through using language in communication rather than learning through practicing of language skills. Therefore, students can get strategic competency through communication. The main purpose of language as a tool is t build and maintain good relations with people. Students should know the vocabulary and grammar of the language and also know the rules governing t heir usage in a communication context. References Al-Humaidi, Majid. "Communicative Language Teaching ." Thesis. 2017. Electronic. Barbara Johnstone, William Marcellino. Dell Hymes and the Ethnography of Communication. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University, 2010. Electronic. Gabriel Tejada Molina, Mara Luisa Prez Caado, and Gloria Luque Agull. "Current approaches and teaching methods. Bilingual programmes." 2016. Electronic. Kamhuber, Philipp. Comparison of Grammar in Austrian and Spanish English Language Teaching Textbooks. Wien: Lehramt Englisch, Bewegung und Sport, 2010. Electronic. Richards, Jack C. Communicative Language Teaching Today. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Electronic. Su, Lisa Kwan Li. Audiolingual Method: Discussion. Manilla: National University of Malaysia, 2010. Electronic.

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 free essay sample

The Architect, in performance of his services to his Client, prepares the â€Å"General Conditions† as one of the Contract Documents. The General Conditions define the relationship among the Owner, the Architects and the contractor and stipulates the norms by which the contractor shall perform his work. In order to maintain a high standard of professionalism in the implementation of construction and to establish the proper responsibilities that would be fair to all parties involved in the construction, a uniform provision of the General Conditions acceptable to the building profession is needed. It is the purpose that the United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) initiated the adoption of a standard document to be known as â€Å"General Conditions†, UAP Document No. 301, for use by all practicing Architects in the Philippines, subject to the approval by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) through the Board of Architecture. The task for the compilation, review, editing and printing of the General Conditions was given to the UAP committee on the Professional Practice and Ethics in collaboration with the Inter-Professional Conference Committee whose membership is composed of representatives from the United Architects of the Philippines (UAP), the Philippines Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE), and the Philippine Contractors Association (PCA). We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The General Conditions is based on the standard concept of practice in the building Profession by which the Architect performs his services as the prime professional commissioned by the Owner to design and supervise a project which will be implemented by a General Contractor. Other concepts of professional services and manners of Implementing construction which require different provisions are stipulated in a separate document entitled â€Å"Special Provisions,† UAP Document No. 302. In the course of the preparation of this General Conditions, the committee used several references. Acknowledgment is hereby given to he former members of the Committee for the Initial review of this document and to the Incumbent members for the finalization of the same. FELIPE M. MENDOZA, FUAP Chairman UAP Committee on Professional Practice Ethics MEMBERS: Cesar V. Canchela, FUAP Antonio S. Dimalanta, FUAP Froilan L. Hong, FUAP Norberio M. Nuke, FUAP UNITED ARCHITECTS OF THE PHILIPPINES THE DULY ACCREDITTED BONIFIDE PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR ARCHITECTS FOLK ARTS THEATER, CCP COMPLEX, ROXAS BLVD. , PASAY CITY, METRO MANILA Telephone; 832-78-50, 832-11-20 Loc. 09 fax: 832-37-11 RESOLUTION NO. 15 Series of 1984 WHEREAS, one of the projects of the United Architects of the Philippines is the preparation of standard document that could be used by Architects as a means of the UAP to the members; WHEREAS, the â€Å"General Condition† Document No. 301, as prepared by the UAP Committee on Professional Practice Ethics and the Inter-Professional Conference Committee in 1977 embodies provisions pertaining to the responsibilities of the Architects to hid Client, and stipulations conditions for the implementation of the work by the Contractor which are fair to both the Owner and the Contractor; WHEREAS, the Inter-Professional Conference Committee (IPCC) tripartite group composed of the architects – United Architects of the Philippines (UAP), engineers – Phil Institute of CMI Engineers (PICE) and contractors – Phil. Contractors Association (PCA) have been reconvened in March 1983 to make revisions on the 1977 General Conditions to meet the needs of the changing times. WHEREAS, the revisions are: Art. 3; Paragraph 3. 03, Sub-Paragraph â€Å"a. Should a conflict occur between Drawings, or a conflict between Specifications, or between Specifications and Drawings, the Contractor shall be deemed to have estimated a more expensive way of doing work unless he shall have asked for and obtained a decision. In writing, from the Architect before submission of proposal as to which method or materials will be required. If, after award, the less expensive work is done, the Contractor shall credit the Owner an amount equivalent to the difference between the more expensive and the less expensive work†; â€Å"Art. 22. 04 ARCHITECTS ACTON ON AV REQUEST FOE PAYMENT: Within fifteen days after receipt of any Request for Payment by the Contractor, the Architect shall issue a certificate of payment or withhold the Request for Payment. When the Architects decides to withhold the Request for Payment, he shall inform the Contractor in writing the reasons for withholding it. IF THE CONTRACTOR AND ARCHITECT CANNOT AGREE ON A REVISED AMOUNT, THE ARCHITECT WILL ISSUE A CERTIFICATE OF PAYMENT FOR THE AMOUNT FOR WHICH HE IS ABLE TO MAKE REPRESENTATIONS TO THE OWNER. †; Art. 27: CONTRACTOR’S RIGHT TO SUSPEND WORK OR TERMINATE CONTRACT: â€Å"If the Contractor is compelled to suspend work due to hardships or difficulties under b, c, and d above then the contract sum shall be increased by the amount of the contractor’s reasonable costs of shut-down, delay and start up, which shall be effected by appropriate change order. †; WHEREAS, these revisions is in consonance with present trend of Architectural Practice in the Philippines and the adoption of it as a standard document by the practicing architects will contribute to the maintenance of a high standard of professionalism in the architectural professional and building industry; NOW, THEREFORE, be it resolved as it is hereby resolved by the Board of Directors of the United Architects of the Philippines the approval of the revised General Conditions and its adoption as UAP Document 301. RESOLVED, FURTHER, that copies of this resolution and the General Conditions be furnished the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) and the Board of Architecture for their record, information and guidance, and enjoining them to approve this revised General Conditions, as a standards document for all practicing Architects in the Philippines. Unanimously, approved this 11th day of August in the year of our Lord Nineteen and Eighty Four. MANUEL T. MANOSA, JR. , FUAP National President ATTESTED RICARDO R. POBLETE, FUAP National Secretary HONORARY MEMBER – MADAME IMELDA ROMUALDEZ MARCOS Minister of Human Settlements and Governor of Metro Manila NATIONAL BOARD OF DIRECTORS 1984 OFFICERS: MANUEL T. MANOSA JR. FUAP , National President NORBERTO M. NUKE, FUAP Vice President for Private Practice; NATHANIEL VON EINSIEDEL, FUAP Vice President for Government Service; VICTOR N. TIOTUYCO FUAP, Vice President for Privately Employed Professional Allied Fields; RICARDO R. POBLETE, FUAP, National Secretary; LIBRADO M. MACALINAO, FUAP, National Treasurer; COSTANTINO F. AGBAYANI, FUAP, Director, NCR; FELIPE M. MENDOZA, FUA, Director, NCR, MANUEL A RESURRECCION, CUAP, Director, NCR; ROGER J. NAZ, CUAP, Director, N. Luzon; JOSE MACARIO B. DE LEON. CUAP Director, C. Luzon; FIDEL J. R. SIAPNO, UAP Director, S. Luzon; SERVILLANO C. MAPESO, Director, E. Visayas; RAMIRO GARCIA, FUAP, Director, W. Visayas; AUGUSTO C. NABLE, CUAP, Director, Mindanao. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION MANILA BOARD OF ARCHITECTURE BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 24 SERIES OF 1984 WHEREAS, In UAP Resolution No. 108 dated September 7, 1977, the United Architects of the Philippines petitioned the Professional Regulation Commission and the Board of Architecture to approve the General Conditions. UAP Document No. 301, as a standard document for use by practicing architects in the Philippines; WHEREAS, the â€Å"General Conditions†, UAP Document No. 301, whose provisions establish the relationship among the owner, the Architect and the Contractor and stipulate the norms by which the contractor shall perform his work are in consonance with the present trend of architectural practice in the Philippines; WHEREAS, the UAP now proposes certain revisions in the said â€Å"General Conditions† UAP Document No. 301, as follows; â€Å"Art. 3. Paragraph 3. 03. Sub-Paragraph a. â€Å" Should a conflict occur between Drawings, on a conflict between Specifications and Drawings, the Contactor shall be deemed to have estimated a more expensive way of doing work unless he shall have asked for and obtained a decision. In writing, from the Architect before submission of proposals as to which method or materials will be required. If, after award, the less expensive work is done, the Contractor shall credit the owner an amount equivalent to the difference to the more expensive and the less expensive work. † â€Å"Art. 22. 04. ARCHITECT’S ACTION ON A REQUEST FOR PAYMENT; Within fifteen days after receipt of any request for Payment by the Contractor, the Architect shall either issue a Certificate of Payment or withhold the Request of Payment. When the Architect decides to withhold the Request of Payment, he shall inform the Contractor in writing the reasons for withholding it. IF THE CONTRACTOR AND THE ARCHITECT CANNOT AGREE ON A REVISED AMOUNT, THE ARCHITECT WILL ISSUE A CERTIFICATE OF PAYMENT FOR THE AMOUNT FOR WHICH HE IS ABLE TO MAKE REPRESENTATIONS TO THE OWNER. † â€Å"Art 27. CONTRACTOR’S RIGHT TO SUSPEND WORK OR TERMINATE CONTRACT. : If the Contractor is compelled to suspend work due to hardships or difficulties under b, c, and d above, then the Contract sum shall be increased by the amount of the contractor’s reasonable cost of shut down, delay and startup, which shall be affected by appropriate change order. † WHEREAS, the Board of Architecture, after viewing said revisions, find them in order to maintain the high level of professionalism in the implementation of infrastructure projects; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, AS IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED, that the above stated revisions in the â€Å"General Conditions†, UAP Document No. 301, are hereby approved and adopted. RESOLVED FINALLY that the above take effect upon approval by the Commission and fifteen (15) days following it’s publication in the Official Gazette. Done in the City of Manila this 7th day of November, 1984. (SGD. ) CESAR V. CANCHELA CHAIRMAN (SGD. ) JULIO D. MATIAS(SGD. ) JUAN A. MARAVILLAS, JR. MEMBERMEMBER ATTESTED: (SGD. ) SALUD M. SAHAGUN SECRETARY Approved and promulgated as part of the rules and regulations governing the practice of architecture in the Philippines the 26th day of November, 19894 (SGD. ) NUMERIANO TANOPO, JR. Associate Commissioner (SGD. ) DOMICAIANO C. NATIVIDAD Associate Commissioner RESOLUTION NO. 108 Series of 1977 UNITED ARCHITECTS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC. WHEREAS, one of the projects of the United Architects of the Philippines is the preparation of standard documents that could be used by practicing Architects as a means of service of the UAP to it’s members; WHEREAS, the â€Å"General Conditions†, Document No. 301, as prepared by the UAP Committee on Professional Practice and Ethics and the Inter-Professional Conference Committee embodies the provisions pertaining to the responsibilities of the Architect to his Client, and stipulates conditions for the implementation of the work by the Contractor which are fair to both the Owner and the Contractor; WHEREAS, the provisions of this document is in consonance with the present trend of architectural practice in the Philippines and the adoption of it as a standard document by the practicing architect will contribute to the maintenance of a high standard professionalism in the architectural profession and the building industry; NOW, THEREFORE, be it resolved as it is herby resolved by the Board of Directors of the United Architects of the Philippines the approval of this General Conditions and its adoption as UAP Document No. 301. RESOLVED, FURTHER, that copies of this resolution and the General Conditions be furnished the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) and the Board of Architecture for their record, information and guidance, and enjoining them to approve this General Conditions, as a standard document for all practicing Architects in the Philippines. Unanimously approved, this 7th day of September in the year of our Lord Nineteen Hundred and Seventy Seven. Ruperto C. Gaite, FUAP President ATTESTED JESUS M. BONDOC, FUAP Secretary MEMBER of the UAP BOARD Vice President, PP †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Felipe M. Mendoza, FUAP Vice President, GS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Victor N. Tiotuyco, FUAP Vice President, PEPAF †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ Arturo M. Manalac, FUAP Treasurer †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Lucero M. Abella, FUAP Director †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ Jose V. Herrera, FUAP Director, RCD I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Constantino F. Agbayani, FUAP Director, RCD I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ricardo R. Poblete, FUAP Director, RCD II†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Corazon Fabian-Tandoc, UAP Director, RCD III†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Jose A. Mackay, FUAP Director, RCD IV†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Librado M. Macalinao, FUAP Director, RCD V†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Jose A. Maravillas, Jr. , FUAP Director, RCD VI†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Antonio V. Ascalon, FUAP Director, RCD VII†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â₠¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Johnny S. Sulit, FUAP REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION MANILA BOARD OF ARCHITECTURE BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 15 SERIES OF 1977 WHEREAS, in the UAP Resolution No. 108 dated September 7, 1977, the United Architects of the Philippines have petitioned the Professional Regulation Commission and the Board of Architecture to approve the â€Å"General Conditions†, UAP Document No. 301 as a standard document for use by practicing architects in the Philippines; WHEREAS, the General Conditions – UAP Document No. 301 whose provisions establish the relationship among the Owner, the Architect and the Contractor and stipulate the norms by which the contractor shall perform his work are in consonance with the present trend of architectural practice in the Philippines; WHEREAS, the Board of Architecture after reviewing said General Conditions, find it in order and an appropriate document for use by the Architects as instrument of service to maintain the high level of professionalism in the implementation of the infrastructure projects; NOW, THEREFORE, be it resolved as it is hereby resolved by the Board of Architecture that the â€Å"General Conditions†. UAP Document No. 301 is approved and adopted as one of the official documents which the practicing Architect may use in the discharge of his duties. Unanimously approved, this 15th day of November in the year of our Lord Nineteen Hundred and Seventy Seven ANASTACIO R. BERNAL Chairman NORBERTO M. NUKE, FUAP CRESENCIANO C. DE CASTRO, FUAP Member Member APPROVED: COL. ERIC C. NUBLA, FUAP Commissioner 1977 INTER-PROFESSIONAL CONFERENCE COMMITTEE FORMER MEMBERS Antonio Avecilla Andres O. Hizon Fransisco Cacho Octavio A. Kalala Cesar A. Caliwara Gabino de Leon, Jr. Tim Certeza, Jr. Mariano de Leon Ambrosio R. Flores Manuel T. Manosa, Jr. Tomas de Guzman Felipe M. Mendoza Ramon G. Hechanova Jacob Tagorda INCUBENT MEMBERS Chairman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Felipe M. Mendoza, UAP Vice-Chairman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ambrosio R. Flores, PICE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVES Member †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Cesar V. Canchela, UAP Member †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Antonio S. Dimalanta, UAP Member†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Froilan L. Hong, UAP Member†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ Norberto M. Nuke, UAP Member†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Antonio A. Abola, PICE Mem ber†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Angel Lazaro III, PICE Member†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Lucas F. Agbayani, PCA Member †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Anton C. Kho, PCA Member†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Narciso S. Padilla, PCA ALTERNATIVE REPRESENTATIVES Member†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ Primo Alcantara, PICE Member†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ Rafaelito F. Erfe, PICE Member †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Fransisco Cacho, PCA Member †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ramon L. Santos, PCA 1984 INTER-PROFESSIONAL CONFERENCE COMMITTEE United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) Felipe M, Mendoza, FUAP Chairman, IPCC Norberto M, Nuke, FUAP Antonio S. Dimalanta, FUAP Jerry S. Ascalon, FUAP Philip H. Recto, UAP Ruben M. Protacio, UAP UAP Committee on Professional Practice Ethics Norberto M. Nuke, FUAP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chairman Froilan L. Hong, FUAP †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Vice-Chairman Aquiles C. Paredes, FUAP †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Member Philip H. Recto, UAP †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Member Edgar V. Reformado, CUAP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Member Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) Ernesto S. De Castro Rosallo Q. Mallonga Eluderio S. Salvo Philippine Contractors Association (PCA) Jesus R. Ferrer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Vice-Chairman Andres V. Los Banos Eustaquio T. Coronel, Jr. Pastor B. Esguerra UNITED ARCHITECTS OF THE PHILIPPINES GENERAL CONDITIONS UAP DOCUMENT 301 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION1DEFINITIONS AND DOCUMENTS ART. 1DEFINITIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. pages 1-3 1. 1 Contract Documents 1. 2 Owner 1. 3 Architect 1. 4 Engineer 1. 5 Project Representative 1. 6 Contractor 1. 7 Sub-Contractor 1. 8 Surety 1. 9 Proposal 1. 10 Proposal Bond 1. 11 Performance Bond 1. 12 Payment Bond 1. 13 Guarantee Bond 1. 14 Agreement 1. 15 Advertisement or invitation to Bid 1. 16 Bid Bulletin 1. 17 Instructions to Bidders 1. 18 Drawings 1. 19 General Conditions 1. 20 Special Provisions 1. 21 Specifications 1. 22 Supplementary Specifications 1. 23 Schedule of Materials and Finishes 1. 24 Breakdown of Work and Corresponding Value 1. 25 Written Notice 1. 26 Act of God or Force Majeure 1. 27 Time Limits 1. 28 Work 1. 29 Furnish 1. 30 Install 1. 31 Provide 1. 32 Required or Necessary 1. 33 Approved, Directed and Acceptable 1. 34 Singular or Plural ART2 EXECUTION CORRECTION AND INTENT OF DOCUMENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pages 3-5 2. 01 Signature on Documents 2. 02 Intent of Contract Documents 2. 03 Conformity to Contract Documents 2. 04 Contract Documents at Site of Work 2. 05 Ownership of Contract Documents and Models ART. 3DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pages 5-6 3. 01 Copies of Drawing and Specifications 3. 02 Coordination of Drawings and Specifications 3. 03 Clarification of Meaning of Drawings and Specifications 3. 04 Discrepancies in Drawings ART. 4DETAIL DRAWINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. page 6 4. 01 Supplementary Drawings and Instructions 4. 02 Schedule for Submission of Detail and Shop Drawings ART. 5SHOP DRAWINGS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦pages 6-8 5. 01 Conditions in the Preparation of Shop Drawings 5. 02 Checking Drawings of Sub-Contractors 5. 03 Identification 5. 04 Letter of Transmittal 5. 05 Corrections, Changes and Variations 5. 06 Responsibility for Accuracy SECTION IILAWS, REGULATIONS, SITE CONDITIONS, PERMITS AND TAXES ART. 6LAWS, REGULATIONS AND SITE CONDITIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 9 6. 01 Laws and Regulations 6. 02 Site Conditions ART. 7PERMITS, TAXES AND SURVEY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pages 9-10 7. 01 Permits and Licenses 7. 02 Taxes 7. 03 Construction Stakes and Reference Mark 7. 04 Services of Licensed Surveyor 7. 05 Final Certification SECTION IIIEQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS ART. 8GENERAL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. page 11 ART. 9EQUIPMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pages 11-12 9. 01 Quality Equipment 9. 02 Equipment Approval Data ART. 10MATERIALS, FIXTURES, APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS FURNISHED BY THE CONTRACTOR†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pages 12-14 10. 01 Manufacturers and Dealers 10. 02 Samples of Materials 10. 03 Trade Name Materials and Substitutes 10. 04 Testing Samples of Materials 10. 05 Quality of Materials 10. 06 Storage and Stockpiling of Materials 10. 07 Defective Materials 10. 08 Imported Materials, Fixtures and Equipment ART. 11MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT, FIXTURES, APPLIANCES AND FITTINGS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pages 14-15 ART. 12ROYALTIES AND PATENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ page 15 ART. 13MANUFACTURER’S DIRECTIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 15 SECTION IVPREMISES AND TEMPORARY STRUCTURES ART. 14USE OF PREMISES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. page 16 14. 01 Limitation of Use 14. 02 Safeguard for Structure ART. 15TEMPORARY STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES†¦.. †¦pages 16-18 15. 01 Temporary Office and Contractor’s Building 15. 02 Temporary Housing for Workers 15. 03 Temporary Sanitary Facilities and First Aid Station 15. 04 Temporary Barricades and Light Guards 15. 05 Temporary Water, Power and Telephone Facilities 15. 06 Temporary Signs 15. 07 Temporary Roadways 15. 08 Temporary Stairs, Ladders, Ramps, Runaways 15. 09 Temporary Elevators and Hoists 15. 10 Temporary Enclosures 15. 11 Temporary or Trial Usage 15. 12 Removal of Temporary Structures SECTION VPROTECTION OF WORK AND PROPERTY ART. 16 PROTECTION OF WORK AND PROPERTY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. pages 19-20 16. 01 Safeguard Measures 16. 02 Old Materials 16. 03 Trees and Other Plants 16. 04 Drainage ART. 17PROTECTION OF ADJACENT PROPERTY AND EXISTING UTILITIES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 20 17. 01 Contractor’s Sole Responsibility 17. 02 Existing Utilities ART. 18PROTECTION OF LIFE, WORK, AND PROPERTY DURING EMERGENCY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. page 20 18. 01 Authorization to Contractor SECTION VILABOR, WORK AND PAYMENTS ART. 19LABOR†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 21 19. 01 Character of Workmen 19. 02 Superintendence and Supervision ART. 20WORK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. †¦pages 21-27 20. 01 Methods and Appliances 20. 02 Laying Out the Work 20. 03 Inspection of Work 20. 04 Defective Work 20. 05 Work During an Emergency 20. 06 Increased or Decreased Quantities of Work 20. 07 Changes in the Work 20. 08 Claims for Extra Cost 20. 09 Cleaning up at Completion of Work 20. 10 Use of Completed Portions of Work 20. 11 Certificate of Completion of Work 20. 12 Period of Making Good of Known Defects or Faults 20. 13 Making Good of Known Defects or Faults 20. 14 Search for Causes of Defects or Faults ART. 21TIME OF COMPLETION OF WORK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. pages 27-29 21. 01 Notice to Proceed 21. 02 Contract Time 21. 03 Schedule of Completion 21. 04 Extension of Time 21. 05 Liquidated Damages ART. 22PAYMENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. pages 29-33 22. 01 Detailed Breakdown of Contract Amount 22. 02 Requests for Payment 22. 03 Progress Photographs to Accompany Request for Payment 22. 04 Architect’s Action on a Request for Payment 22. 05 Approval Withheld 22. 06 Conditions Relative to Certificates of Payments 22. 07 Owner’s Action on an Approved Request for Payment or Certificates of Payments 22. 08 Payment of Contractor’s Obligations 22. 09 Payments Over 65 Percent 22. 10 Correction of Work Before Final Payment 22. 11 Other Requirements Before Final Payment 22. 12 Acceptance of Final Payment 22. 13 Correction of Work After Final Payment 22. 14 Release of Retention SECTION VIICONTRACTOR-SEPARATE CONTRACTORS-SUB-CONTRACTORS RELATIONS ART. 23 SEPARATE CONTRACTS TO OTHER CONTRACTORS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦page 34 23. 01 Owner’s Right to Let Other Contracts ART. 24CONTRACTOR-SEPARATE CONTRACTORS RELATONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. page 34 24. 01 Storage of Material and Work Coordination 24. 02 Cutting, Patching and Digging 24. 03 Defective Work by Separate Contractors 24. 04 Damage Caused by Contractor to Separate Contractors ART. 25SUB-CONTRACTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦page 35 25. 01 General 25. 02Competency of Sub-Contractor 25. 03 Contractor’s Responsibility ART. 26CONTRACTOR-SUB-CINTACTORS RELATIONS †¦pages 35-36 26. 01 The Contractor Agrees 26. 02 The Sub-Contractor Agrees 26. 03 The Contractor and the Sub-contractor Agree That SECTIONVIIISUSPENSION OF WORK AND TERMINATION OF CONTRACT ART. 27CONTRACTOR’S RIGHT TO SUSPEND WORK OR TERMINATE CONTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. page 37 ART. 28OWNER’S RIGHT TO TERMINATE CONTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. page 37 ART. 29OWNER’S RIGHT TO PROCEED WORK AFTER TAKE OVER FROM CONTRACTOR†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. page 38-39 29. 01 Use of Materials and Equipment at Site 29. 02 Owner to Complete Work 29. 03 Evaluation of Cost of Work 29. 04 Owner’s Right To Recover Liquidated Damages SECTIONIXRESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES OF CONTRACTOR AND OF OWNER ART. 30 CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACCIDENTS AND DAMAGES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. page 40 30. 01 Safeguards to be Undertaken by Contractor 30. 02 Contractor’s Responsibility 30. 03 Indemnity ART. 31CONTRACTOR’S INSURANCE AND BONDS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pages 40-42 31. 01 Contractor’s Liability Insurance 31. 02 Contractor’s Performance and Payment Bonds 31. 03 Contractor’s Guarantee Bond 31. 04 Contractor’s Guaranty-Warranty ART. 32 OWNER’S RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ page 42 32. 01 Protection of Employees and Professionals Performing Services for the Owner 32. 02 Owner’s Optional Insurance ART. 33LIENS, DISPUTES AND ARBITRATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. pages 42-44 33. 01 Liens 33. 02 Assignment 33. 03 Damages 33. 04 Disputes 33. 05 Arbitration SECTIONXAUTHORITY OF ARCHITECT, ENGINEERS AND PROJECT REPRESENTATIVES ART. 34ARCHITECTS STATUS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. page 45 ART. 35AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ENGINEERS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦pages 45-46 ART. 36AUTHORITY AND DUTIES OF THE PROJECT REPRESENTATIVES, RESIDENT ARCHITECTS, RESIDENT ENGINEERS, OR CONSTRUCTION INSPECTORS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. page 46 36. 01 Employed by the Owner 36. 02 Duties 36. 03 Disputes SECTIONXISCHEDULE OF TIME LIMITS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pages 47-50 UNITED ARCHITECTS OF THE PHILIPINES GENERAL CONDITIONS SECTION I DEFINITIONS AND DOCUMENTS ART 1:DEFINITIONS 1. 1 CONTRACT DOCUMENTS: The Contract consists of the following documents, including all additions, deletions and modification incorporated therein before the execution of the Contract: a. Agreement b. General Conditions c. Special Provisions d. Specifications e. Drawings 1. 2 OWNER: The person or entity ordering the project for execution, including duly appointed successors, or authorized representatives. 1. 3 ARCHITECT: refers to the Architect commissioned by the Owner action personally or through assistants duly authorized in writing by the Architect to act on his behalf 1. 4 ENGINEER: The person so named n the Contract Documents or his representative duly authorized in writing to act for the engineer. 1. 5 PROJECT REPRESENTATIVE: The Full-time Construction Inspector hired by the Owner duly authorized in writing to assist the Architect and the Engineer in the supervision of the work 1. 6 CONTRACTORL The person or firm whose proposal has been accepted and to whom the Contract was awarded. 1. 7 SUB-CONTRACTOR: Anyone having a direct Contact with the Contractor who acts for or in behalf of the Contractor in executing any art of the Contract, not including one who merely furnishes materials without labor. 1. 8 SURETY: is the person, firm or corporation who provides the guarantee for the Contractor’s Bonds. 1. 9 PROPOSAL: The offer of a Bidder to perform the work described by the Contract Documents when made out and submitted on the prescribed Proposal Form, properly signed and guaranteed. 1. 10 PROPOSAL BOND: the cashier’s check or surety bond accompanying the proposal submitted by the bidder, as a guarantee that the bidder will enter into a contract with the owner for the construction of the work, if the contract is awarded to him. 1. 11 PERFORMANCE BOND: is the approved form of security furnished by the Contractor and his Surety as a guarantee of good faith on the part of the contractor to execute the work in accordance with the terms of the contract. 1. 12 PAYMENT BOND: is the approved form of security furnished by the contractor and his surety as a guarantee of good faith on the part of the Contractor to pay all obligations arising from the contract. 1. 13 GUARANTEED BONDL is the approved form of security furnished by the contractor and is surety as a guarantee to the quality of materials and equipment installed and the workmanship performed by the Contractor. 1. 14 AGREEMENT: is the contract between the owner and the contractor undertaking the project described in the Contract Documents including all supplemental agreements thereto and all general and special provisions pertaining to the work or materials therefore. 1. 15 ADVERTISEMENT or INVITATION TO BID: The notice published by the owner or the invitations issue to perspective bidders, giving information to the nature of the proposed project, conditions for the issuance of the contract documents date of bidding, and estimated cost or information that would give the contractor a general idea of the magnitude and extent of the project. 1. 16 BID BULLETIN: is additional information on contract documents issued to bidders before date of bidding. 1. 17 INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS: The list of instructions stipulating the manner on how bids are to be prepared and conditions for the award of contract. 1. 18 DRAWINGS: are graphical presentations of the work involved in the project. They include all supplementary details and shop drawings. 1. 19 GENERAL CONDITIONS: as printed documents stipulating the procedural and the administrative aspects of the contract. 1. 20 SPECIAL PROVISIONS are instructions which may be issued prior to the bidding to supplement and/or modify the drawings, specifications, and/or General Conditions of the contract. 1. 21 SPECIFICATIONS: are written or printed description of work to e done describing qualities of material and mode of construction. 1. 22 SUPPLEMENTARY SPECIFICATIONS: are additional information which may be issued as an addition or amendment to the provisions of the specifications. 1. 23 SCHEDULE OF MATERIALS ND FINISHES: is an outline specification enumerating the type or trade names of materials be used. 1. 24 BREAKDOWN OF WORK AND CORRESPONDING VALUE: is a listing of the different parts of the work indicating in each part of the corresponding value in materials and labor, including an allowance for profit and overhead. 1. 25 WRITTEN NOTICE: Written notice means information, advice a notification pertinent to the project delivered in person or sent by registered mail to the individual, firm or corporation at the last known business address of such individual, firm or corporation. 1. 26 ACT OF GOD OR FORCE MAJEURE includes an earthquake, flood, typhoon, cyclone other cataclysmic phenomenon of nature and all misfortunes and accidents which human prudence could not foresee or prevent, rain, wind, flood or other natural phenomenon of inconsequential degree for the locality shall not be construed as an act of God or Force Majeure and no reparation shall be made to the Contractor for the damages to the work resulting therefore. 1. 27 TIME LIMITS: time limit is the duration of time allowed by the contract for the completion of the project in any stipulated portions thereof. 1. 28 LOCAL LAWS: applies to all laws, ordinances and other governmental regulations applicable to the project and its undertaking. 1. 29 WORK: The term â€Å"work† of the Contractor or Sub-contractor includes labor or materials or both as well as equipment, transportation, or other facilities necessary to commence and complete the construction called for in the Contract. 1. 30 FURNISH: The work â€Å"furnish† shall be understood to mean â€Å"Purchase and/or fabricate and deliver to the jobsite or other location when so designated. † 1. 31 INSTALL: the word â€Å"install† shall mean to build in, mount positions, connect or apply any object specified ready for the intended use. 1. 32 PROVIDE: the word â€Å"provide† shall be understood to mean â€Å"furnish and install† 1. 33 REQUIRED OR NECESSARY: The words â€Å"Required Or Necessary† shall mean as required or necessary for the complete execution of that portion of the work. 1. 34 APPROVED, DIRECTED AND ACCEPTABLE: The words â€Å"approved†, â€Å"directed† and â€Å"acceptable†, or words of like import shall mean approved, directed by or acceptable to the architect unless otherwise stipulated in the Contract. 1. 35 SINGULAR OR PLURAL: in all cases where a device, item, or part of the equipment is referred to in the singular number, it is intended that such reference shall apply to as many such device, items, or parts as are required to complete work. ART. 2 EXECUTION, CORRELATION AND INTENT OF DOCUMENTS 2. 01 SIGNATURE ON DOCUMENTS: the contract documents shall be signed in quintuplicate by the owner and the contractor duly witnessed 2. 02 INTERNT OF CONTRACT DOCUMENTS: the Contract Documents are complementary, and what is called for by anyone shall be as binding as if called for by all. The intent of the drawings and the specifications is prescribed the complete work that the Contract is to undertake to comply with the contract. The intention is to include all labor and materials, equipment and transportation necessary for the proper execution of the work. 2. 03 CONFORMITY TO THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS: All work shall conform to the Contract Documents. a. If there be

cells of the human body essays

cells of the human body essays Cells are the basic living units of all plants and animals. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms. There are a wide variety of cell types, such as nerve, muscle, bone, fat, and blood cells. Each cell type has many characteristics, which are important to the normal function of the body as a whole. One of the important reasons for maintaining hemostasis is to keep the trillions of cells that form the body functioning normally. An averaged size cell is one-fifth the size of the smallest dot you can make on a sheet of paper with a sharp pencil. Although cells may have quite different structures and functions, all cells share some common characteristics. The plasma, or cell membrane, forms the outer boundary of the cell through which the cells interacts with its external environment. The nucleus is usually located centrally and functions to direct cell activities, most of which take place in the cytoplasm, located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. The plasma membrane is the outer part of a cell. The plasma membrane is made up of 45% - 50% lipids, 45% - 50% proteins, and 4% - 8% carbohydrates. The main lipids are phospholipids and cholesterol. Phospholipids easily come together to form a lipid bilayer, a double layer of lipid molecules, because they have a polar head and a nonpolar tail. The charged water-loving heads are exposed to water inside and outside the cell, whereas the uncharged water-fearing tails face one another in the interior of the plasma membrane. The other major lipid in the plasma membrane is cholesterol, which is mixed among the phospholipids and makes up about a third of the total lipids in the plasma membrane. Cholesterol is too hydrophobic to extend to the hydrophilic surface of the membrane but lies within the hydrophobic region of the phospholipids. The amount of cholesterol in a given membrane is a major factor in determining the fluid nature of the m...

Financing sources in Vietnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Financing sources in Vietnam - Essay Example Such policy reforms have proved beneficial with regard to China, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. These countries have also benefitted from network associations, cluster linkage to markets, and novel support arrangements. Policy support has been established as being crucial for the growth of SMEs in Vietnam. B. Business Support Services Privatisation emerged as a strategy for restructuring the large state owned enterprises (SOEs) into SMEs (Gibb and Lyapunov, 1996). A solution that is at variance to this initiative has been proposed by McIntyre (2002). This procedure states that the dismantling of large firms may fail to promote the growth of SMEs. This notion has been vindicated in Asia, and this can be attributed to the lack of a suitable support regime. For instance, the Chinese SMEs require the support of the large firms. Dallago and McIntyre (2003) have cited the experiences of the CEE nations to show that by themselves, the SMEs do not have the capacity to grow. The presence o f institutions and supporting mechanisms that have been properly developed is indispensable for the growth of these SMEs. C. Supporting Infrastructures It has been proposed by Wattanapruttipaisan (2002) that competitiveness can be rendered not only by natural resources and location, but also by contemporary global information and knowledge. It can also be promoted by participation in clusters involving firms, supplier networks, or producers and matching products; consumers and distributors; continuous learning and enhanced flexibility and efficiency. The SMEs were furnished with a new information flow and knowledge base, due to network association. This base has the capacity to emerge as a significant model for efficient resource distribution, via policy measures emanating from the market and the state. Support of the Government in Vietnamese SME Development It was recognised, during the project’s conceptualisation in the year 1994 that the furtherance of SMEs had to be ensur ed. However, a comprehensive document that described the procedures to be adopted by the Government, in order to support SMEs was conspicuous by its absence. Subsequently, the accomplishments and the works supported by the project had been viewed keenly in the highest echelons. Towards the end of the year 1998 a comprehensive assessment was conducted, which disclosed that the project had significantly affected discussion and formulation of the policy related to SMEs. The Central Institute of Economic Management (CIEM), in February 1997, reviewed the administrative and legal situation in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). The emphasis was upon identifying the impediments to the formation and development of SMEs and the provision of recommendations to the Government. The CIEM, true to its calling of being an important entity in drafting policy pertaining to business, compiled and examined most of the documentation relating to the establishment, operation and dissolution of business. I t also conducted panoptic interviews with SMEs, and central and local policy making agencies. In January 1998, the stakeholders completed the twin tasks of discussion and validation, and this was due to the workshops in HCMC and Hanoi. The recommendations of this report, in the context of an

Research paper - Same Sex-Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research paper - Same Sex-Marriage - Essay Example Then voices are raised in all quarters and the media also plays its undue role in projecting it out of proportion. Thus, one marriage that involves individuals from the same gender becomes an issue that seems to be made a mountain out of a molehill. The society needs to be quite broad-minded when someone suggests something positive in the direction of same gender couples that choose to marry. The reason for the same is that gays and lesbians are being continuously discriminated against in being refused the right to marry legally. Thus this brings to light just about everything from retirement programs, health care, parenting rights to social security benefits as well as the significant medical decisions. Same sex marriages come about due to one form of stagnation within the people’s minds and the role of one and all within the domains of the same sex marriage debate is significant nonetheless. Though the government might not approve of a marriage between members of the same sex, they just should not impose a law on their sense of ethics related with these very individuals. Since gay marriages are not at all at peril to the public welfare and one’s day-to-day life is not affected by the same, the right to marry anyone one so decided to choose for him or herself should thus be in accordance with the rights the United States of America states that are both "self-evident" as well as "inalienable" in its Declaration of Independence that was brought into notice of one and all a few years back. (Allen, 2006) The problem continues for some people who are of the view that since homosexual parenting can be harmful for children, thus allowing such marriages to be carried out in the first place must be declined and the state must do something that would disallow the people from doing the same. They also say that as homosexual unions are not built around lifetime commitments and also that they are not good environments to

The Code of Hammurabi Essay Example for Free

The Code of Hammurabi Essay The Code of Hammurabi is remembered more for the punishments set for each crime, and not for the crimes themselves. The â€Å"eye for an eye† rule and the plentiful crimes that may result to a death penalty may seem harsh for us nowadays, but the Code has been the basis of other subsequent laws used to govern a society. â€Å"By far the most remarkable of the Hammurabi records is his code of laws, the earliest-known example of a ruler proclaiming publicly to his people an entire body of laws, arranged in orderly groups, so that all men might read and know what was required of them. † (Fordham University ) The Code is also considered Hammurabi’s best legacy not only to his people, but to other societies as well. This is understandable because Hammurabi has ruled over the world’s oldest metropolis, Babylon. During those times, the code of law is considered â€Å"a subject for prayer†, although the dominant view is contempt for the violators of the law. (Yale Law School) The Code of Hammurabi is basically a list of rules for a community. There are negative and positive results that can be expected with the implementation of the set rules. Hammurabi, Babylon’s ruler, has formulated the laws in order to make sure that his kingdom maintains peace, order and justice. He is presented as a king who is also a wise law-giver. However, as said earlier, there are advantages and disadvantages in implementing the Code of Hammurabi. Due to the strictness and gravity of the punishments, the Code may actually create a peaceful community. Fear is instilled in the people of Babylon. The Code also aims to promote balance and over-all justice in the community: â€Å"†¦Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers; so that the strong should not harm the weak; so that I should rule over the black-headed people like Shamash, and enlighten the land, to further the well-being of mankind. † (Yale Law School) I believe that the Code is well-intended. It must also have been a success because there are other set of rules that seem to follow the Code of Hammurabi. If one should peruse the Ten Commandments, some similarities can be discovered. Basically, what is considered a sin in Hammurabi’s time is still considered a sin or a violation of the law. However, the Commandments have reduced the violations that should be punishable by death. In fact, the emphasis is on what should not be done, not on what punishments should be implemented. This negative way of setting rules, like â€Å"Thou shall not kill† is its similarity to the Code of Hammurabi, except that the Code attaches the punishments to what must not be done. (Bible. Org) There are many points in the Code which talks about punishment for things that are prohibited or for things that are not proved. â€Å"If anyone brings an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death, (Yale Law School) † is an example of the laws enumerated in the Code of Hammurabi. This can be compared to the Ten Commandments’ law against bearing false witness against a neighbor. â€Å"If anyone is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death† is an example of a punishment attached to the crime which is prohibited. In this case, the rule states that robbers should be put to death. (Yale Law School) Like the other rules, the intention is to discourage people from committing the crime. Other rules with punishments of a less serious degree attached seem to be more reminiscent of state laws rather than religious laws. Surprisingly, even within a Code which can be often harsh and unforgiving, there are also some provisions in some laws that will provide options to the one who has been wronged. For example, if the wife is caught committing adultery, the husband is given an option to forgive her. It also gives importance to fairness in trade and contracts. Persons who own properties, including slaves, must make sure that they have the proper documentation ready for cases that will question the validity of ownership. This will gauge if stealing or cheating has occurred. This is a common sense rule which prevails today. The above mentioned statements support the positive effect of the Code of Hammurabi. Nevertheless, the Code is not without its flaws. Although the fear that is instilled in the people by giving harsh penalties may reduce the crime rate in any given society, the very fear may be detrimental to the psyche of the people ruled by the law. I believe that it is not fully satisfying to command people with the weapon of fear. The Code cannot ensure the goodness of the people, only their outward behavior. Although I think that the Code of Hammurabi is well-intended, as it aims for a just and peaceful community, there are laws within it that actually violates my sense of justice. There are punishments that are too harsh for the crime that it is meant to castigate. For example, a woman who is to set up a tavern or even just to enter a tavern to have a drink will be burned to death. The Code is also not without its share of superstition. In the absence of other means to prove guilt, measures like making people swim in the river and then judging them to be guilty if they drown, seem to be superstitious and ignorant. Obviously, this manner of investigation cannot work during modern times when people train to become stronger swimmers. In life, we like to believe that we are given several chances to change our ways. Even modern prisons allow for some conversion, religious or secular they may be. Death penalties are only implemented whenever heinous crimes are encountered. However, the Code of Hammurabi seems to pride itself in preventing a person to commit the same mistake. â€Å"If a judge tries a case, reach a decision, and present his judgment in writing; if later error shall appear in his decision, and it be through his own fault, then he shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case, and he shall be publicly removed from the judges bench, and never again shall he sit there to render judgment†. (Yale Law School) The above example shows the finality of the Code’s decision on a person’s fate. Of course this will have its advantages as well. If the error committed has affected many lives in a serious way, like in medical malpractices of today, licenses are revoked. As a conclusion, I believe that the Code of Hammurabi is an effective set of rules formulated by a just ruler. Nevertheless, there is a need to adjust some of the penalties in order to fit today’s sense of justice. The Ten Commandments, and other religious laws, have already condensed the Code’s contents while state or government laws have versions of its secular pointers. Works Cited: Bible. Org. 20 October 2007 http://www. bible. org/page. php? page_id=146. Fordham University . 20 October 2007 http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/ancient/hamcode. html. Yale Law School. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. 17 October 2007 http://www. yale. edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/hamframe. htm.

Veterinary Medicine Essays -- essays research papers

Veterinary Medicine For my agriculture report, I chose to do a report on veterinarians. I chose this career field because I like working with animals and learning about them. While doing my report I learned more then I thought there was to learn about animals and becoming a veterinarian. I learned how long it takes to become a veterinarian, what my chances are on being accepted by a veterinary college, what veterinarians do, and much more. Veterinary Medicine is a branch of medical science that deals with the prevention, cure, or alleviation of diseases and injuries of animals. There are about 55,000 veterinarians and of that only 15,000 or so are women. Many veterinarians work for federal, state, or local governments, inspecting food, supervising laws that protect human and animal health, or dealing with environmental problems. Many veterinarians treat all animals, but in recent years and in the densely populated areas of the country, many have limited their practice to pets. Some specialize in the treatment of certian populations such as horses, cattle, poultry, or zoo animals. A small number of veterinarians are employed as managers of large feedlots for beef - cattle, large dairy cattle operations, and many of the increasingly large poultry farms. A few veterinarians are now becoming involved in embryo transfer work, in which fertilized eggs are removed from superior donors and transferred into the uterus of a cow of lesser genetic qualities. A minimum of six years ...

Employee Satisfaction

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT EMBA, 2ND BATCH, 4TH SEMESTER ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, KUSHTIA BANGLADESH A RESEARCH PROPOSAL BY: |(Monirul islam) |(Howlader Md. Abu Saleh Jongi) |(Jahangir Alam) | |ID No. 1102050711 |ID No. 1102050713 |ID No. 102050722 | |EMBA, 2nd Batch |EMBA, 2nd Batch |EMBA, 2nd Batch | |4th Semester |4th Semester |4th Semester | |email:[email  protected] com |email:[email  protected] com |email:[email  protected] com | |Cell No. 1818306151 |Cell No. 01711210710 |Cell No. 01550151433 | (Saiful islam) ID No. 1102050704 EMBA, 2nd Batch 4th Semester email:[email  protected] com Cell No. 01550151433 SUPERVISOR: Prof. Dr. Md. Zakaria Rahman Chairman, Department of Management, Islamic University, Kushtia – 7003, Bangladesh. Cell Phone:01711501307 Telephone+88-071-62021-6 Extn. 2278,2296,2481 (Off. ) E-mail: [email  protected] com Web:www. iubd. net :Declaration:: We declare that the proposal we are submitting for assessment contains no section copied in whole or i n part from any other source unless explicitly identified in quotation marks and with detailed, complete and accurate referencing. |(Monirul islam) |(Howlader Md. Abu Saleh Jongi) |(Jahangir Alam) | |ID No. 1102050711 |ID No. 1102050713 |ID No. 102050722 | |EMBA, 2nd Batch |EMBA, 2nd Batch |EMBA, 2nd Batch | |4th Semester |4th Semester |4th Semester | |email:[email  protected] com |email:[email  protected] com |email:[email  protected] com | |Cell No. 01818306151 |Cell No. 01711210710 |Cell No. 1550151433 | (Saiful islam) ID No. 1102050704 EMBA, 2nd Batch 4th Semester email:[email  protected] com Cell No. 01550151433 i ::Contents:: |1 |INRODUCTION |Page 1 | | |1. 1 The Problem Statement |1 | | |1. 2 purpose of the study |1 | | |1. The objectives of the study |1 | | |1. 4 Research questions |2 | | |1. 5 Scope of the Research |2 | |2 |THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY |2 | | |2. Research Design |2 | | |2. 2 Data Source |2 | | |2. 3 Data Collection Techniques |2 | | |2. 4 Sample Tec hniques |3 | | |2. Data Analysis and Interpretation |3 | |3 |WORK PLAN |3 | |4 |REFERENCES |3 | ii TITLE: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PROBLEMS OF HANDLOOM INDUSTRY AT KUMARKHALI, KUSHTIA iii 1.INTRODUCTION: The Handloom industry is the ancient and the most important cottage industry of Bangladesh. This industry has lots of glorious past. Once upon a time, The Handloom industries were the only source of human clothing. Still now, this sector meets a portion of the total clothes production of Bangladesh. This sector provides employment many people still now. But this industry now faces threat of extinction because of various barriers which made us to develop this study over the handloom industry of Kumarkhali, Kushtia, Bangladesh. 1. The Problem Statement: What are the problems of Handloom Industry at Kumarkhali, Kushtia and what could be the possible solution of the problems of such industry at Kumarkhali, Kushtia. 1. 2The purpose of the Research: The main purpose of this research is to meet the partial fulfillment of Master of Business Administration Degree on Management, Islamic University Kushtia, Bangladesh and investigate the real problems of the handloom industry at Kumarkhali, Kushtia in order to find out the possible solution of the problem depending on the factors that would be investigated.This study may be an important tool for further study on the problems of the handloom industry at Kumarkhali, Kushtia. 1. 3The objectives of the study: ( To identify the problems lie in the production process. ( To identify the problems in distribution of handloom products. ( To identify the problems associated with level skill. ( To identify the problems associated with government support. ( To identify the problems associated with the organizing Capability ( To identify the level of demand of these products in market. To identify the immediate competitors of this sector. ( To identify the potential market. Page:1 1. 4The research questions: ( What are the problems lie in the production process? ( What are the problems in distribution of handloom products? ( What are the problems associated with level skill? ( What are the problems associated with government support? ( What are the problems associated with the organizing Capability? ( How much demand of these products in market? ( Who are the immediate competitors of this sector? ( Where the potential market of handloom products? 1. Scope of the Research: This research will try to answer the problem statement as stated. This research location will be Tebaria, Sherkandi Alongipara Gopalpur under Kumarkhali Upazilla, Kushtia, Bangladesh. We will try to nail down the topic as much as possible. The ability of physical presence in the stated locations will provide the in-depth scope of the research. 2. THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY: 2. 1Research design: Quantitative research method will be basic research design. For this, on spot survey will be carried out. The handloom weavers will be the main responde nt of the research. 2. Data sources: Both of the Primary data and secondary data will be the data source of the research. The people of the selected locations who are directly involved in handloom weaving will be the source of primary data. Opinion of the local government representatives will be taken into account as secondary data source. 2. 3Data collection techniques: Various techniques will be used to collect the data. For this oral interview of the respondent will be taken. A prescribed questionnaire (having structured and open questions) will be supplied to the each respondent to answer the specific questions. 2. Sampling techniques: All the families involved in handloom weaving in the selected locations will be population of the research. Each will be treated as a sample. Maximum possible families will be taken as sample on random basis. Each elements of each sample will be interviewed and prescribed questionnaire will be supplied to them in order to answer the questions. 2. 5Data analysis and interpretation: The gathered data through interview and questionnaire will be analyzed and interpreted using suitable statistical tools such as tables, chart, percentage, probability, correlation etc. 3. WORK PLAN | | |STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PLAN |DEADLINE FOR COMPLETION | | | | |Submission of the proposal |By 31 August 2012 | | | | |Design of a research plan |By 10 September 2012 | | | | |Design of questionnaire |By 15 September 2012 | | | | |Interviews/posting of questionnaires, etc. By 16 – 30 September 2012 | | | | |Raw tabulations/draft analysis of data |By 01-07 October 2012 | | | | |Final Analysis of data |By 08-15 October 2012 | | | | |Report up of findings By 16-20 October 2012 | | | | |Final Report |By 21-31 October 2012 | | | | |Presentation |As per Schedule date of University | ** Work plan may be changed depending on situation or as per requirements of Supervisor. References: 1. Business Research Methods, 8th edition, Zikmund Babin Carr Griffin 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social-research 3. http://www. banglapedia. org/httpdocs/HT/K_0319. HTM 4. http://www. kumarkhali. com/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=41%3Aabout-kumarkhali-powroshova-&catid=32%3Akumarkhali&Itemid=52 5. http://www. thedailystar. net/lifestyle/2005/07/01/centre. htm ———————– Page:2 Page:3